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GENERAL INFORMATION TABLE FOR VETERINARIANS

CATTLE BREEDS

Milch Breeds	Dual Purpose Breeds	Draught Breeds
Sahiwal	Haryana	Amritmahal
Sindhi	Ongole	Kangayam
Gir	Tharparkar	Malvi
Deoni	Kankrej	Siri
	Karan Swiss	Hallikar
		Khillari

BUFFALO BREEDS

North India	Central India	South India	Western India
Murrah	Nagpuri	Toda	Surti
Nili-Ravi	Pandharpuri	South Kanara	Jaffarbadi
Kundi	Manda		Mehsana
Bhadawari	Jerrangi
Tarai	Kalahandi
	Sambalpur

HATCHING PERIODS OF EGGS OF BIRDS

Birds				Days
Domestic Fowl				19 – 24
Guinea Fowl				26 – 29
Turkey Hen				26 – 29
Pea Hen				29 – 32
Goose				28 – 33
Duck				28 – 32
Pigeon				17 – 19
Canary				12 — 14
Parrot				19 – 25
Swan				35 – 42

COMMON NAMES FOR SEX, YOUNG, GROUP & BIRTHING OF ANIMALS

Animal	Male	Female	Young	Group	Birth by
Antelope	Buck	Doe	Kid	Herd	Kidding
Bear	Boar	Sow	Cub	Seleuth	Cubbing
Beaver	Boar	Sow	Pup	Colony	–
bird	Cock / Stag	Hen	Fledging / Nesting	Flock	Hatching
Bison	Bull	Cow	Calf	Herd	Calving
Bobcat	Tom	Lioness / Queen	Kitten	Litter	–
Cat	Tom	Pussy / Queen	Kitten	Clowder	Queening
Cattle	Bull	Cow / Heifer	Calf	Herd / Drove	Calving
Chicken	Rooster / Cock	Hen / Pullet	Chick	Flock	Hatching
Deer	Buck / Stag	Doe	Fawn	Herd	–
Dog	Dog	Bitch	Pup / Puppy	Kennel	Whelping
Donkey	Jackass	Jennet / Jenneyass	Colt	Herd	Foaling
Duck	Drake	Duck	Duckling	Flock	Hatching
Elephant	Bull	Cow	Calf	Herd	Calving
Fox	Reynard	Vixen	Cub / Pup	Earth / skulk	Pupping
Giraffe	Bull	Cow	Call	Herd	Calving
Goat	Billy / Buck	Nanny	Kid	Trip	Kidding
Goose	Gander	Goose	Gosling	Gaggle / Flock	Hatching
Swine	Boar	Sow / Gilt	Piglet / Shoat	Herd / Drove	Farrowing
Horse	Stallion / Stud	Mare / Dam	Foal	Stable / Herd	Foaling
			Colt (Male)
			Filly (Female)
Kangaroo	Buck / Bommer	Doe / Flyer	Joey	Troop / Herd	–
Lion	Lion / Tom	Lioness / She Lion	Cub	Pride / Flock	Whelping
Ostrich	Cock	Hen	Chick	Flock	Hatching
Owl	Owl	Jenny / Howlet	Howlet / Owlet	Flock	–
Ox	Steer	Cow	Stot	Herd / Drove	Calving
Rabbit	Buck	Doe	Kitten	Colony	–
Rat	Buck	Doe	–	Colony	–
Seal	Bull	Cow	Pup	Herd/Harem/Rookery	–
Sheep	Buck / Ram	Ewe / Dam	Lamb / Lambkin	Flock / Hurtle	Lambing
Turkey	Tom	Hen	Poult	Flock	Hatching
Walrus	Bull	Cow	Cub	Herd	–
Whale	Bull	Cow	Calf / Cub / Pup	Herd /Pod	Pupping
Wolf	He-Wolf	She-Wolf	Cub / Pup	Pack	Whelping
Zebra	Stallion	Mare	Colt	Herd	Foaling

GESTATION PERIODS IN ANIMALS

Species	Days	Species	Days
Livestock		Wild Animals
Ass	365	Ape, Barbary	210
Cattle	280 – 290	Bear, Black	214
Goat	148 – 156	Bison	275
Horse, Heavy	333 – 345	Camel	410
Horse, Light	330 – 337	Coyote	60 – 64
Pig	112 – 120	Dear, Virginia	197 – 220
Sheep	144 – 150	Elephant	610 – 670
	.	Eik, Wapiti	260
		Giraffe	450 – 480
		Hare	88
Pets		Hippopotamus	225 – 250
Cat	59 – 68	Kangaroo, Red	32 – 34
Dog	56 – 68	Leopard	92 – 95
Guinea Pig	58 – 75	Lion	108
Hamster	15 – 18	Liama	335
Mouse	19 – 31	Marmoset	140 – 150
Rabbit	30 – 35	Monkey, Macaque	150 – 180
Rat	21 – 30	Moose	240 – 250
		Musk ox	275
		Opossum	12 — 13
		Panther	90 – 93
Fur Animals		Porcupine	112
Chinchilla	105 – 115	Pronghorn	230 – 240
Ferret	42	Raccoon	63
Fisher	338 – 358	Reindeer	215 – 240
Fox	49 – 55	Rhinoceros, African	530 – 550
Marten, European	236 – 274	Seal	335
Pine Marten	220 – 265	Shrew	20
Mink	40 – 75	Skunk	62 – 65
Muskrat	28 – 30	Squirrel, Grey	44
Nutrea (Coypu)	120 – 134	Tapir	390 – 400
Otter	270 – 300	Tiger	105 – 113
		Walrus	365
		Whale, Spern	488
		Wolf	60 – 63
		Woodchuck	31 – 32

HEART RATES (beats / minute)

Animals	Average	Range
Human	70	58 – 104
Ass	50	40 – 56
Bat	750	100 – 970
Camel	30	25 – 32
Cat	120	110 – 140
Cow	55	45 – 70
Dog	120	100 – 130
Elephant	35	22 – 53
Giraffe	66	40 – 90
Goat	90	70 – 135
Guinea Pig	280	260 – 400
Horse	44	23 – 70
Lion	40	42 – 76
Monkey	192	165 – 240
Mouse	534	324 – 858
Rabbit	205	123 – 304
Rat	328	261 – 600
Sheep	75	60 – 120
Skunk	166	144 – 192
Squirrel	249	96 – 378
Swine	76	58 – 86
Chicken (Adult)	270	250 – 300
Chicken (Baby)	410	350 – 450

RESPIRATORY RATES OF ANIMALS & BIRDS

Animals				Per Minute
Foal				14 – 15
Horse, Adult				9 — 10
Calf 4 Days				56
Calf 14 Days				50
Calf 5 Weeks				37
Young cattle, 6 Months				30
Young cattle, 1 Year				27
Cattle, Adult				12 — 16
Sheep, Lamb				15 – 18
Sheep (Adult)				12 — 15
Sheep (Old)				9 — 12
Goat (Kid)				12 — 20
Goat (Adult)				12 — 15
Goat (Old)				9 — 12
Pig				10 — 20
Dog, Young				20 – 22
Dog (Old)				14 – 16
Cat				20 – 30
Rabbit				50 – 60
Guinea Pig				100 – 150
Mink				35 – 160
Silver Fox				12 — 60
Coypu (nutria)				32 – 120
Rhesus Monkey				15 – 30
Domestic Fowl				15 – 30
Turkey				12 — 16
Pigeon				20 – 40
Duck				16 – 28
Goose				12 — 30
Camel				5 — 12
Whale				4 — 5

RECTAL TEMPERATURE OF ANIMALS & BIRDS

Animals	°C	°F
Foal During the First Few Days	Upto 39.3	Upto 102.7
Foal to the 4th Year	37.5 – 38.5	99.5 – 101.3
Horse (Adult)	37.5 – 38.5	99.5 – 101.3
Horse, over 5 Year	37.5 – 38.5	99.5 – 100.4
Ass	37.5 – 38.5	99.5 – 101.3
Mules	38.8 – 39.0	101.8 – 102.2
Calf (Young)	38.5 – 40.5	101.3 – 104.9
Young cattle upto 1 Year	38.5 – 40.0	101.3 – 104.0
Cattle Over 1 Year	37.5 – 39.5	99.5 – 101.5
Buffalo	37.5 – 39.0	99.5 – 102.2
Camel	35.5 – 38.6	95.0 – 101.5
Lamb (Sheep)	38.5 – 40.5	101.3 – 104.9
Sheep over 1 Year	38.5 – 40.0	101.3 – 104.0
Kid (Goat)	38.5 – 41.0	101.3 – 105.8
Goat, Adult	38.5 – 40.5	101.3 – 104.9
Piglet	39.0 – 40.5	101.2 – 102.2
Pig, Adult	38.0 – 40.0	100.4 – 104.0
Dog	37.5 – 39.0	99.5 – 102.2
Cat	38.0 – 39.5	100.4 – 103.1
Rabbit	38.5 – 39.5	101.3 – 103.1
Guinea Pig	37.8 – 39.5	100.0 – 103.1
Mink	39.7 – 40.8	103.5 – 105.4
Silver Fox, upto 1 1/2 Year	39.5 – 40.5	103.1 – 104.9
Silver Fox, Adult	39.0 – 40.0	102.2 – 104.0
Coypu (nutria)	36.8 – 38.1	98.2 – 100.6
Rhesus Monkey	37.5 – 38.5	99.5 – 101.3
Domestic Fowl	40.5 – 43.0	104.9 – 109.4
Pigeon	41 – 44.1	105.8 – 111.4
Pigeon	Average 41.8	Average 107.2
Duck	Average 40.7	Average 105.3
Other Aquatic Birds	Average 42.2	Average 108.0

SYMPTOMS OF HEAT IN COW

Symptoms	Intense Heat	Intermediate	Weak Heat
> Excitement	Very much	Not pronounced	No excitement
	pronounced
> Bellowing	Very Often	Ocassionally	Very Seldom
> Loss Of Appetite	Less Appetite	Seldom Less Appetite	Normal
> Peculiar Movements	Generally	Sometimes	Rarely
of lumbosarcal	appears	appears	occurs
region
> Licking other animals	Always Licks	Licks	Sometimes
> Mounting other	Always Observed	Observed	Sometimes
animals
> Standing still when	Always	Always	Common
other cows or bulls
try to mount
> Mucous from vulva	Common and	Appears often	Very little appears
	generally copious		and passes often
	in nature		unnoticed
> Hyperemia of	Pronounced	Not much	Difficult to detect
vaginal mucous
membranes
> Swollen Vulva	Very pronounced	Not much	Difficult to detect
> Milk Production	Less Milk	Sometimes less	Normal

REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

Species	Age of Puberty	Nature of heat cycle recurrence	Duration of oestrous	Time of ovulation	Period of maximum fertility	Gastation period	Sperm survival in uterus
Cow	2 – 21/2 years	Polyestrous recurrence (21 Days)	8 – 24 hrs average 19 hours	14 hrs after the end ofoestrous	Last 8 hours of oestrous	282 days	20 hours
Mare	2 years	Seasonally Polyestrous (21 Days)	3-40 days average 7 days	24 hrs before the end of oestrous	Penultimate day of oestrous	336 days	2 – 3 days
Ewe	6 — 12 months	Seasonally	36 hrs	Later Part of oestrous	2nd Half of oestrous	150 days	22-24 hours
SOW	5 months	Polyestrous	2-3 Days	36 hours after onset of oestrous and continues upto next 12 hours	12-36 hrs after the onset of oestrous	120 days	24 hours
BITCH	9 — 12 months	Monoestrous	8 Days (Proper oestrous)	1-3 Days after onset of oestrous proper	Next 3 days after the onset of oestrous	62 days	4 days
BUFFALO	2 – 21/2 yrs Bull 2 yrs	Polyestrous recurrence(21 Days)	8 hrs – 3 days Average, 32 hours	10-20 hrs upto the end of oestrous	Last 8 hours of oestrous	307 days	Less than 24 hours
GOAT	4 to 8 months	Polyestrous recurrence (18-27 days)	1 – 2 days	–	–	150 days	–
CAMEL	3 to 4 yrs	Polyestrous recurrence (10-20 days)	1 – 7 days	–	–	406 days	–

REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF PET ANIMALS

	Cats	Dogs	Guinea Pigs	Hamsters	Mice	Rabbits
Age at Puberty	6 – 15 Months	6 to 12 months	55 – 70 days	5 – 8 weeks	35 days	51/2 – 81/2 months
Cycle Type	Provoked Ovulation Seasonally Polyestrous Spring & Early Fall 15 – 21 days	Monoestrous All year, but mostly late winter & summer	Polyestrous	Polyestrous	Polyestrous	Polyestrousinduced ovulation
Cycle Length	15 – 21 days	6 – 7 month	16 days	4 days	4 days	1 month or More
Duration of Heat	9 – 10 days in absence of male 4 – 6 days if mated	4 – 14 days standing heat	6 – 11 hours	10 – 20 hrs	9 – 20 hours	1 month or more
Best time for breeding	Daily from day 2 of heat	On alternate days from day 2 to end of heat	10 hours after the start of heat	At the start of heat , 8 – 10 pm	At the start of heat	Anytime
First heat after birth	4 – 6 weeks	3 – 5 months	6 – 8 hours	1 – 2 weeks after litter removed	2 – 4 days after litter removed	Immediate
Number of young	1 to 10	1 to 22	1 to 8	1 to 12	1 to 12	3 to 13

BODY COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS SPECIES (% OF LIVE WEIGHT)

Organ / Tissue	Horse	Dog	Goat	Ox	Human
Blood	8.6	–	–	4.7	7.8
Brain	0.21	0.51	0.29	0.06	2
Heart	0.66	0.82	0.48	0.37	0.47
Lungs	0.89	0.89	0.88	0.71	1.4
Liver	1.3	2.32	1.95	1.22	2.6
Spleen	1.11	0.26	0.25	0.16	0.26
Kidneys	0.36	0.61	0.35	0.24	0.44
Gastrointestinal Tract	5.8	3.9	6.4	3.8	1.7
Gastrointestinal Contents	12.7	0.72	13.9	18.4	1.4
Skin	7.4	9.3	9.2	8.3	3.7
Muscle	40.1	54.5	45.5	38.5	40
Bone	14.6	8.7	6.3	12.7	14
Tendon	1.71	–	–	–	2
Adipose	5.1	–	–	18.9	18.1
Total Weight (Kg) (Av.)	308	16	39	620	70

HAEMOGRAM IN NORMAL ANIMALS

Animal	PCV%	Hb g / 100ml	Erythrocyte count x 1000000/cu mm	Leucocyte count x 1000 / cu mm	Neutrophils Count% (+ -) 10	Lymphocyte% (+ – ) 10
Horse	30 to 40	9 to 15	7 to 11	5 to 15	60	30
Ox	30 to 40	9 to 14	5 to 8	5 to 13	30	50
Sheep	27 to 37	11 to 14	9 to 13	5 to 13	25	60
Goat	23 to 33	9 to 13	12 to 17	5 to 13	35	35
Pig	35 to 45	10 to 14	5 to 8	7 to 20	50	40
Dog	39 to 57	13 to 18	5 to 8	8 to 18	60	20
Cat	35 to 45	8 to 12	6 to 9	8 to 25	60	30
Rabbit	34 to 44	10 to 15	5 to 7	6 to 13	–	–

ADDITION OF FEED ADDITIVES TO FEED

Additive	Additive in Feed		Additive
g per ton	%	ppm	mg per kg
1	0.0001	1	1
5	0.0005	5	5
10	0.001	10	10
100	0.01	100	100
1000	0.1	1000	1000

FEED COMSUMPTION & BODY WEIGHT TAREGTS IN LAYERS

Age in	Grams of Feed / Bird		Body Weight in
Weeks	Per Day	Cumulative	grams
1	8	55	60
2	11 — 12	132 – 141	105
3	19 – 20	264 – 282	160
4	28 – 30	459 – 495	218 – 227
5	36 – 38	709 – 764	286 – 305
6	39 – 42	982 – 1055	359 – 391
7	41 – 44	1268 – 1364	441 – 473
8	43 – 46	1586 – 1686	532 – 559
9	43 – 47	1873 – 2014	614 – 645
10	45 – 48	2186 – 2350	695 – 732
11	48 – 51	2523 – 2709	777 – 814
12	50 – 54	2873 – 3086	850 – 895
13	52 – 56	3236 – 3477	909 – 959
14	55 – 58	3618 – 3886	959 – 1009
15	56 – 60	4014 – 4309	995 – 1050
16	57 – 62	4414 – 4741	1036 – 1091
17	58 – 63	4823 – 5182	1086 – 1141
18	60 – 65	5245 – 5636	1150 – 1209
19	62 – 67	5682 – 6105	1218 – 1282
20	65 – 69	6136 – 6591	1295 – 1364

The Body Weights and feed consumption figures are to be used as a guide. The total environment (Housing, Climate, Bird health, and Feed quality) can greatly influence body weight and feed consumption.

STRAIGHT RUN BROILER STANDARDS AND FEED & WATER COMSUMPTION

Age	Body weight & Gain		Feed Consumption		Feed Conversion		Water consumption by 100 chicks per day (Ltr)
Weeks	Average wght. Kg	Weekly Gain Kg	Weekly Kg	Cumulative Kg	Weekly	Cumulative
1	0.17	–	0.1	0.1	0.81	0.81	1.88
2	0.28	0.15	0.23	0.34	1.53	1.21	3.76
3	0.48	0.2	0.34	0.67	1.64	1.4	5.68
4	0.73	0.25	0.47	1.14	1.93	1.5	7.57
5	1	0.29	0.63	1.77	2.16	1.77	9.46
6	1.32	0.33	0.74	2.51	2.26	1.89	11.35
7	1.66	0.33	0.82	3.32	2.47	2.01	13.24
8	2	0.34	0.91	4.23	2.67	2.12	15.14

The Feed consumed in Kgs to Produce 1 kg of bodyweight.

MATURE BODY WEIGHTS & AGES OF SELECTED SPECIES

Common Name	Species Name	Mature Body Weight (Kg)	Mature Age (In Years)	Longevity (Year)	Maximum Recorded Lifespan (yr)	Birth Weight (Kg)
Dairy Cattle	Bos Taurus / Indicus	464 – 653	5	20 – 25	30	25 – 45
Horse	Equus Caballus	450	3 — 5	20 – 25	50	45 – 55
Goat	Capra Hircus	26 – 102	2	10 to 15	18	2.5 – 3.5
Swine	Sus Scrofa	70	–	16 – 18	27	1.0 – 2.0
Sheep	Ovis aries	34 – 80	2	10 to 18	20	2.0 – 4.0
Rabbit	Oryctolagus cuniculus	3.0 – 4.9	1	5 to 8	>13	0.04 – 0.08
Chicken	Gallus domesticus	1.5 – 3.3	20 – 30 weeks	2 to 5	30	0.049 – 0.065
Turkey	Meleagris gallopavo	5.0 – 14.8	28 – 35 weeks	–	12.3	0.52 – 0.56

HEART RATE, B.P & OTHER BLOOD PARAMETERS OF SELECTED SPECIES

Common name	Heart Rate (Beats/min)	Blood Pressure (sys/Dia mm Hg)	Blood Volume (% live bw)	Blood pH	Hematocrit	Erythrocyte Diameter (um)	Haemoglobin ( g / dl )
Dairy Cattle	60 – 70	134 / 88	7.7	7.38	32.4	5.6	11
Horse	32 – 44	80 / 50	9.7	7.35	28 – 42	5.6	14.5
Goat	70 – 135	120 / 84	7	–	27 – 34	4.1	10
Swine	60 – 80	169 / 108	6.75	–	39.1	6.2	13
Sheep	70 – 80	114 / 68	8	7.44	31.7	5	11.5
Rabbit	123 – 304	110 / 80	5.5	7.35	41.5	7.5	–
Chicken	178 – 458	131 / 95	5	7.54	32 – 45	7.0 x 12.0	9
Turkey	160 – 288	270 / 167 – 235 / 141	6 to 8	7.5	38	15.5 x 7.5	–